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Israel, Ashdod-Yam Crusader/Umayyad Site

In the Umayyad period, the Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, constructed a fort at Azotus Paralios in the 7th century as part of a series of coastal defenses in Israel. Measuring 35m by 55m, the fort was built over the razed insulae of the former Byzantine town, and was previously thought to been of later 10th or 11th century construction. It was only after subsequent archaeological work that it was determined to have been built by the Umayyads and only later remodelled by the Fatimids and Crusaders.